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testing
We have several interns this summer, and each Friday we’re doing a short presentation on a different software development topic. On June 28, I gave a short presentation on (unit) testing. This presentation is very light on code, and heavier on philosophy. I shared the slides on SlideShare and have embedded them below.
In case the embedded slideshow doesn’t work properly here is a link to the slides (opens in a new window/tab).
I just gave a short presentation on JUnit 5 at my company, Fortitude Technologies. JUnit 5 adds a bunch of useful features for developer testing such as parameterized tests, a more flexible extension model, and a lot more. Plus, it aims to provide a more clean separation between the testing platform that IDEs and build tools like Maven and Gradle use, versus the developer testing APIs. It also provides an easy migration path from JUnit 4 (or earlier) by letting you run JUnit 3, 4, and 5 tests in the same propject. Here are the slides:
In a previous post I described the very small sparkjava-testing library I created to make it really simple to test HTTP client code using the Spark micro-framework. It is basically one simple JUnit 4 rule (SparkServerRule) that spins up a Spark HTTP server before tests run, and shuts it down once tests have executed. It can be used either as a @ClassRule or as a @Rule. Using @ClassRule is normally what you want to do, which starts an HTTP server before any tests has run, and shuts it down afer all tests have finished.
In that post I mentioned that I needed to do an "incredibly awful hack" to reset the Spark HTTP server to non-secure mode so that, if tests run securely using a test keystore, other tests can also run either non-secure or secure, possibly with a different keystore. I also said the reason I did that was because "there is no way I found to easily reset security". The reason for all that nonsense was because I was using the static methods on the Spark class such as port, secure, get, post, and so on. Using the static methods also implies only one server instance across all tests, which is also not so great.
Well, it turns out I didn't really dig deep enough into Spark's features, because there is a really simple way to spin up separate and independent Spark server instances. You simply use the Service#ignite method to return an instance of Service. You then configure the Service however you want, e.g. change the port, add routes, filters, set the server to run securely, etc. Here's an example:
Service http = Service.ignite();
http.port(56789);
http.get("/hello", (req, resp) -> "Hello, Spark service!");
So now you can create as many servers as you want. This is exactly what is needed for the SparkServerRule, which has been refactored to use Spark#ignite to get separate servers for each test. It now has only one constructor which takes a ServiceInitializer and can be used to do whatever configuration you need, add routes, filters, etc. Since ServiceInitializer is a @FunctionalInterface you can simply supply a lambda expression, which makes it cleaner. Here is a simple example:
@ClassRule
public static final SparkServerRule SPARK_SERVER = new SparkServerRule(http -> {
http.get("/ping", (request, response) -> "pong");
http.get("/health", (request, response) -> "healthy");
});
This is a rule that, before any test is run, spins up a Spark server on the default port 4567 with two GET routes, and shuts the server down after all tests have completed. To do things like change the port and IP address in addition to adding routes, you just call the appropriate methods on the Service instance (in the example above, the http object passed to the lambda). Here's an example:
@ClassRule
public static final SparkServerRule SPARK_SERVER = new SparkServerRule(https -> {
https.ipAddress("127.0.0.1");
https.port(56789);
URL resource = Resources.getResource("sample-keystore.jks");
https.secure(resource.getFile(), "password", null, null);
https.get("/ping", (request, response) -> "pong");
https.get("/health", (request, response) -> "healthy");
});
In this example, tests will be able to access a server with two secure (https) endpoints at IP 127.0.0.1 on port 56789. So that's it. On the off chance someone was actually using this rule other than me, the migration path is really simple. You just need to configure the Service instance passed in the SparkServerRule constructor as shown above. Now, each server is totally independent which allows tests to run in parallel (assuming they're on different ports). And better, I was able to remove the hack where I used reflection to go under the covers of Spark and manipulate fields, etc. So, test away on that HTTP client code!
Testing HTTP client code can be a hassle. Your tests either need to run against a live HTTP server, or you somehow need to figure out how to send mock requests which is generally not easy in most libraries that I have used. The tests should also be fast, meaning you need a lightweight server that starts and stops quickly. Spinning up heavyweight web or application servers, or relying on a specialized test server, is generally error-prone, adds complexity and slows tests down. In projects I'm working on lately we are using Dropwizard, which provides first class testing support for testing JAX-RS resources and clients as JUnit rules. For example, it provides DropwizardClientRule, a JUnit rule that lets you implement JAX-RS resources as test doubles and starts and stops a simple Dropwizard application containing those resources. This works great if you are already using Dropwizard, but if not then a great alternative is Spark. Even if you are using Dropwizard, Spark can still work well as a test HTTP server.
Spark is self-described as a "micro framework for creating web applications in Java 8 with minimal effort". You can create the steroptypical "Hello World" in Spark like this (shamelessly copied from Spark's web site):
import static spark.Spark.get;
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
get("/hello", (req, res) -> "Hello World");
}
}
You can run this code and visit http://localhost:4567 in a browser or using a client tool like curl or httpie. Spark is a perfect fit for creating HTTP servers in tests (whether you call them unit tests, integration tests or something else is up to you, I will just call them tests here). I have created a very simple library sparkjava-testing that contains a JUnit rule for spinning up a Spark server for functional testing of HTTP clients. This library consists of one JUnit rule, the SparkServerRule. You can annotate this rule with @ClassRule or just @Rule. Using @ClassRule will start a Spark server one time before any test is run. Then your tests run, making requests to the HTTP server, and finally once all tests have finished the server is shut down. If you need true isolation between every single test, annotate the rule with @Rule and a test Spark server will be started before each test and shut down after each test, meaning each test runs against a fresh server. (The SparkServerRule is a JUnit 4 rule mainly because JUnit 5 is still in milestone releases, and because I have not actually used JUnit 5.)
To declare a class rule with a test Spark server with two endpoints, you can do this:
@ClassRule
public static final SparkServerRule SPARK_SERVER = new SparkServerRule(() -> {
get("/ping", (request, response) -> "pong");
get("/healthcheck", (request, response) -> "healthy");
});
The SparkServerRule constructor takes a Runnable which define the routes the server should respond to. In this example there are two HTTP GET routes, /ping and /healthcheck. You can of course implement the other HTTP verbs such as POST and PUT. You can then write tests using whatever client library you want. Here is an example test using a JAX-RS:
public void testSparkServerRule_HealthcheckRequest() {
client = ClientBuilder.newBuilder().build();
Response response = client.target(URI.create("http://localhost:4567/healthcheck"))
.request()
.get();
assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
assertThat(response.readEntity(String.class)).isEqualTo("healthy");
}
In the above test, client is a JAX-RS Client instance (it is an instance variable which is closed after each test). I'm using AssertJ assertions in this test. The main thing to note is that your client code must be parameterizable, so that the local Spark server URI can be injected instead of the actual production URI. When using the JAX-RS client as in this example, this means you need to be able to supply the test server URI to the Client#target method. Spark runs on port 4567 by default, so the client in the test uses that port.
The SparkServerRule has two other constructors: one that accepts a port in addition to the routes, and another that takes a SparkInitializer. To start the test server on a different port, you can do this:
@ClassRule
public static final SparkServerRule SPARK_SERVER = new SparkServerRule(6543, () -> {
get("/ping", (request, response) -> "pong");
get("/healthcheck", (request, response) -> "healthy");
});
You can use the constuctor that takes a SparkInitializer to customize the Spark server, for example in addition to changing the port you can also set the IP address and make the server secure. The SparkInitializer is an @FunctionalInterface with one method init(), so you can use a lambda expression. For example:
@ClassRule
public static final SparkServerRule SPARK_SERVER = new SparkServerRule(
() -> {
Spark.ipAddress("127.0.0.1");
Spark.port(9876);
URL resource = Resources.getResource("sample-keystore.jks");
String file = resource.getFile();
Spark.secure(file, "password", null, null);
},
() -> {
get("/ping", (request, response) -> "pong");
get("/healthcheck", (request, response) -> "healthy");
});
The first argument is the initializer. It sets the IP address and port, and then loads a sample keystore and calls the Spark#secure method to make the test sever accept HTTPS connections using a sample keystore. You might want to customize settings if running tests in parallel, specifically the port, to ensure parallel tests do not encounter port conflicts.
The last thing to note is that SparkServerRule resets the port, IP address, and secure settings to the default values (4567, 0.0.0.0, and non-secure, respectively) when it shuts down the Spark server. If you use the SparkInitializer to customize other settings (for example the server thread pool, static file location, before/after filters, etc.) those will not be reset, as they are not currently supported by SparkServerRule. Last, resetting to non-secure mode required an incredibly awful hack because there is no way I found to easily reset security - you cannot just pass in a bunch of null values to the Spark#secure method as it will throw an exception, and there is no unsecure method probably because the server was not intended to set and reset things a bunch of times like we want to do in test scenarios. If you're interested, go look at the code for the SparkServerRule in the sparkjava-testing repository, but prepare thyself and get some cleaning supplies ready to wash away the dirty feeling you're sure to have after seeing it.
The ability to use SparkServerRule to quickly and easily setup test HTTP servers, along with the ability to customize the port, IP address, and run securely intests has worked very well for my testing needs thus far. Note that unlike the above toy examples, you can implement more complicated logic in the routes, for example to return a 200 or a 404 for a GET request depending on a path parameter or request parameter value. But at the same time, don't implement extremely complex logic either. Most times I simply create separate routes when I need the test server to behave differently, for example to test various error conditions. Or, I might even choose to implement separate JUnit test classes for different server endpoints, so that each test focuses on only one endpoint and its various success and failure conditions. As is many times the case, the context will determine the best way to implement your tests. Happy testing!